Prepration and Characterization of Novel Ionoic Polymers to beUsed as Artificial Muscles Novel ionic polymers for artificial muscles
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 4 Núm. 3 (2008),
1 July 2008
,
Página 217-224
https://doi.org/10.22037/ijps.v4.41133
Resumen
The muscle-like technology would be of enormous advantages for biomedical applications such as medical implants and human assist devices. Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are one kind of biomimetic actuators. An ionic polymer metal composite composed from an ionomer with high ion exchange capacity that packed between two thin metal layers. In the present study we focused on the preparation of a novel alternative polymeric ionomer to be used as artificial muscles. Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) have been synthesized as a new class of ionomeric membrane materials. PEEK was sulfonated at various degrees with sulfuric acid and N,N-Dimethylacetamide as a solvent. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy confirmed the quality of substitution reaction. Sulfonated samples showed O-H vibration at 3490 and S=O peaks at 1085 and 1100-1300 cm-1. By increasing degree of sulfonation to 80%, ion exchange capacity, water uptake and the number of water molecules per the fixed sulfone groups (λ) were increased to about 2.4 meq.g-1, 75% and 19, respectively. After calculating the optimum degree of sulfonation, the applications of these ionomers as actuators are studied. Rigid microstructure of PEEK backbone causes to slow displacement. However, this inflexible backbone showed the acceptable tip force during its actuation. These IPMC are easy to prepare and much less expensive than the commercial per-fluorinated membranes such as Nafion®. The results approve the utilization of sulfonated aromatic for artificial muscles applications as novel strong muscles with low flexibility.
- Artificial muscles
- Ionic polymer metal composites
- sulfonated poly (etherether ketone)
Cómo citar
Citas
[2]Hunter IW, Lafontaine S. AComparison of muscle with artificial actuators. In: Technical digest of the IEEE dolid-dtate densor and actuator workshop.South Carolina: Hilton Head, 1992; pp. 178-85.
[3]Hollerbach J M, Hunter I, Ballantyne J. Acomparative analysis of actuator technologies for robotics. In: Khatib O, Craig J, Lozano- Perezt,(editors). The robotics review 2. Cambridge: MITPress, 1992; pp. 299-342.[4]Full R, Meijer K. Metrics of natural muscle. In:Bar Cohen Y, (editor). Electro active polymers (EAP) as artificial muscles, reality potential and challenges. Bellingham: SPIE Press, 2001; pp. 67-83.
[5]de Gennes PG, Okumura K, Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ. Mechanoelectric effects in ionic gels .Europhys Lett 2000; 50: 513-8.
[6]Kim KJ, Shahinpoor M. Development of three dimensional ionic polymer-metal composites as artificial muscles.Polymer 2002; 43: 797-802.
[7]Nemat-Nasser S. Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites. J Appl Phys 2002; 92: 2899-915.
[8]Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ. Ionic polymer-metal composites: I. Fundamentals. Smart Mater StructInt J 2001; 10, 819-33.
[9]Kim K, Shahinpoor M. Ionic polymer-metal composites: II. Manufacturing techniques.Smart Mater Struct Int J 2003; 12: 65-79.
[10]Shahinpoor M, Bar-Cohen Y, Simpson J, Smith J. Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC's) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles - a review. Smart Mater Struct Int J1998; 7: R15-30.
[11]Yannas IV, Grodzinsky AJ. Electromechanical Energy Conversion with collagen fibers in an aqueous medium.J Mechanochem Cell Motility1973; 2: l13-25.
[12]Asaka K, Oguro K, Nishimura Y, Mizuhata M,Takenaka H. Bending of polyelectrolyte membrane-platinum composites by electric stimuli, I. Response characteristics to various waveforms.Polym J1995; 27: 436-40.
[13]Shahinpoor M. Electro-mechanics of bending of ionic polymeric gels as synthetic muscles for adaptive structures. In: Carman GP, Garcia E,(editors). Adaptive structures and materialsystems. New York: ASME Publication 1993;pp.11-22.
[14]Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ. The effect of surface-electrode resistance on the performance of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC) artificial muscles. Smart Mater Struct Int J2000; 9: 543-51.
[15]Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ. Ionic polymer-metal composites: I. Fundamentals. Smart Mater Struct Int J2001;10: 819-33.
[16]Heinter-Wirguin C. Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes: Structure,properties and applications. J Memb Sci1996;120: 1-33.
[17]Rollet AL, Diat O, Gebel G. Anew insight into nafion structure. J Phys ChemB 2002; 106: 3033-6.
[18]Shahinpoor M. Ionic polymer/conductor composites as biomimetic sensors, robotic actuators and artificial muscles - a review.Electrochimica Acta2003; 48: 2343-53.
[19]Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ. Ionic polymer-metal composites: IV. Industrial and medical applications. Smart Mater Struct Int J2005; 14:197-214.
[20]Gerritsen M, Kros A, Sprakel V, Lutterman JA,Nolte RJM, Jansen JA. Biocompatibility evaluation of sol-gel coatings for subcutaneously implantable glucose sensors. Biomater2000; 21:71-8.
[21]Phillips AK, Moore RB. Ionic actuators based on novel sulfonated ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer membranes. Polymer2005; 46: 7788-802.
[22]Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Emami SH, Ghaffarian R,Moaddel H. Nanocomposite membranes made from sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and montmorillonite clay for fuel cell applications.Energy Fuels2008; 22: 2539-42.
[23]Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Moaddel H, Ghaffarian SR, Emami SH. Novel nanocomposite polymeric membranes for fuel cells applications. Proceeding of International Conference on Molecular and Nanoscale Systems for Energy Conversion (MEC-2007), Moscow, 2007.
[24]Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Pourmahdian S, Emami SH. Sulfonated poly sulphone as a novel ionomer for artificial muscles applications. Proceeding of 9th Conference on Polymer for Advance Technology (PAT2007), Shanghai, 2007.
[25]Xing P, Robertson GP, Guive MD, Mikhailenko SD, Wang K, Kaliaguine S. Synthesis and char-acterization of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)for proton exchange membranes. J Membr Sci2004; 229: 95-106 [26]Zaidi SMJ, Mikhailenko SD, Robertson GP,Guiver MD, Kaliaguine S. Proton conducting composite membranes from polyether ether ketone and heteropolyacids for fuel cell applications. J Membr Sci2000; 173: 17-34.
[27]Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Emami SH, Moaddel H.Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite membranes made of poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and montmorillonite for direct methanol fuel cells. J Power Sources2008; 183:551-6.
[28]Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Dashtimoghadam E,Ghaffarian R. Fuel cell performance of Nafion/Zeolite nanocomposite membranes. ECS Transactions2009; (In press).
[29]Nemat-Nasser S, Wu Y. Comparative experimental study of ionic polymer-metal composites. J Appl Phys2003; 93: 5255-67.
[30]Kim KJ, Shahinpoor M. Development of three dimensional ionic polymer metal composites as
- Resumen ##plugins.themes.ojsPlusA.frontend.article.viewed##: 75 ##plugins.themes.ojsPlusA.frontend.article.times##
- IJPS_Volume 4_Issue 3_Pages 217-224 (English) ##plugins.themes.ojsPlusA.frontend.article.downloaded##: 16 ##plugins.themes.ojsPlusA.frontend.article.times##